Biological Sciences
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description: Biological Sciences is a not-for-profit double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access journal published quarterly by IR Research Publication. Our Journal is dedicated to advancing high-quality research across a broad spectrum of medical, pharmaceutical, and life sciences disciplines. Our mission is to provide an inclusive, accessible, and cost-effective platform for researchers worldwide to disseminate their findings without financial barriers. By prioritizing scientific rigor, transparency, and affordability, we strive to foster global collaboration and accelerate innovation in Biological Sciences. Our journal welcomes a diverse array of manuscript types, including Research Articles, Full-length Reviews, Systematic Reviews, Short Communications, Mini-Reviews, Methods, and Opinion. We strive to offer a platform for both groundbreaking discoveries and thoughtful analysis in the life sciences. We invite submissions from researchers worldwide and are dedicated to fostering a collaborative and inclusive environment for the dissemination of scientific knowledge.
publisher: IR Research Publication
language: en
publication name: Biological Sciences
issn: 2583-1399
copyright: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
items: Digital Health, Telemedicine and Remote Patient Monitoring: Transforming Healthcare Delivery
items: Traditional and Next Generation Probiotics: A Review
items: Single-Cell Multi-Omics Uncovers the Role of Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Shaping the Epigenetic Landscape of Neural Stem Cells during Aging
items: Polymer-Based Topical Drug Delivery: Advances in Skin Penetration and Targeted Therapy
items: Formulation and Evaluation of Clove Oil–Loaded Niosomal Gel for Topical Delivery
items: Epidemiological distribution of Fungal Infections Isolates from Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) in Patients suffering from Chronic Respiratory Diseases in Babylon Province
items: Assessment of the Nutritional Composition and Condition Factor of Wild and Cultured African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
items: Keratinolytic Fungi for Biodegradation of Chicken feathers: Isolation, Characterization and Enzyme Analysis
items: Comparative Analysis of Bagging and Boosting Algorithms for Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions Using Learned Embeddings
items: Tilapia Aquaculture: A Review
items: Use of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review
items: Conversion of Injectable Semaglutide into Oral Formulations: Comparative Evaluation of Tablet and Liquid Preparations for Pharmaceutical Feasibility and Biological Potential
items: Antibacterial, Acute Toxicity and Histological Study of Dodonaea viscosa, Eucalyptus camaldulencis and Senna siamae: Ethnobotanical Plants for Typhoid Fever in Kano State, Nigeria
items: Important Roles of GABA and Its Receptor Subtypes in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Mini Review
items: Emerging Human-Based Alternative Technologies as Replacements for Preclinical Animal Testing
items: Mechanobiological Interactions in Microorganisms: Implications for Host-Pathogen Dynamics and Antibiotic Resistance
items: Antibacterial Effect of Salvadora persica Extract on Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Gingivitis Patients
items: XEC: The Next Frontier in COVID-19 Evolution and Biotechnological Interventions
items: Environmental Epidemiology Reimagined: Soil Microbes as Indicators of Public Health Risks
items: Eriodictyol Ameliorates Biochemical and Histopathological Abnormalities in the Hippocampal Brain Region of Fructose/Streptozotocin-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats
items: Bioinformatics approaches for cancer biomarker discovery
items: Exploring Local-to-Global Win-Win Strategies for Infectious Disease Control: Enhancing Human Health and Sustainability
items: Malaria Research in the 21st Century: Persistent Challenges and the Road Ahead
items: Interplay of Microbiome and Ulcerative Colitis
items: Exploring Interspecies Communication: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Animal Signals and Their Human Interpretations
items: Exploration of Soil Microbiomes as a Source of Novel Antimicrobial Compounds for Combating Drug-Resistant Pathogens
items: Advancements in Microbial Drug Discovery: Leveraging AI, CRISPR, and Microbiome Insights to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance
items: Exploring the Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Caladium Bicolor: A Review
items: Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in Treating Emerging Viral Infections: Efficacy, Safety, and Mechanisms in Monkeypox and Influenza A (H5N1)
items: Artificial Intelligence Meets Vascular Health: Identifying Molecules for Precision Repair of Barrier Dysfunctions

Digital Health, Telemedicine and Remote Patient Monitoring: Transforming Healthcare Delivery
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description: Telehealth and digital health technology have been revolutionizing health care delivery for many years, but the rapid use of these technologies greatly increased because of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the role of telehealth, remote patient monitoring (RPM), and artificial intelligence (AI), and how they have been able to improve the overall delivery of health care, particularly in managing chronic diseases. A narrative review of published literature was completed, analysing literature regarding telehealth applications, digital health tools, and the integration of AI among a variety of health care domains. The evidence demonstrates that telehealth offers increased access to care and promotes better patient participation and monitoring of disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). There are some differences in the outcomes of telehealth services based on the population being served, the digital literacy of the patient and the overall digital infrastructure of the health care system being used. AI integration to support telehealth has also been shown to support accurate diagnosis and improved clinical decision making for a patient, however, there still exist some concerns pertaining to data privacy, bias and regulatory frameworks governing the use of AI. The use of telehealth and digital health technology have incredible potential to transform health care systems through increased access and efficiency of service delivery and providing patient-centred care; however, it is critical to address necessary infra-structural, ethical, and regulatory issues to make them sustainable and equitably implemented across health care systems everywhere. This article is a part of Conference Proceedings: International Conference on Digital Health, AI & Smart Pharma for Viksit Uttar Pradesh
subject: Review Article
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creator: Shivansh Pathak
creator: Sakshi Shukla
creator: Rajesh Kushwaha
creator: Talib Quraishi
creator: Pratik Kumar Vishwakarma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shivansh Pathak, Sakshi Shukla, Rajesh Kushwaha, Talib Quraishi, Pratik Kumar Vishwakarma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 1154
ending page: 1163
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2026.6205

Traditional and Next Generation Probiotics: A Review
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description: Human microbiota consists of millions and trillions of micro-organisms like Firmicutes (Bacillota) and Bacteroidota including Faecalibacterium prausnitziithat thrives strictly anaerobically in the colon, regulate inflammation via butyrate-production. Bifidobacterium, produce lactic acid, break down fibers, and support infant gut health via human milk oligosaccharides. Other significant phyla include Actinomycetota, Pseudomonadota, and Verrucomicrobiota. Use of antibiotics and other disease conditions alter this microbiota of gut. Hence probiotics are used to flourish and maintain the microenvironment. This review paper focuses on isolation of various species of lactic acid bacteria including the newer strains developed till now. NGPs (Next Generation Probiotics) including Akkermansia muciniphila and engineered Escherichia coli variants, target precise conditions like metabolic syndrome and inflammation via advanced genomic modifications. Various isolation and identification techniques have also been explained like PAGE (Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis), DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) and Culturomics. Post-2024 research highlights phage-assisted isolation to enrich rare taxa and machine learning-optimized media formulations for fastidious growers. Studies from 2025 report >90% success in isolating Akkermansia muciniphila variants using mucus-mimicking media, enhancing NGP yields for metabolic disorders. These methods prioritize scalability for clinical translation. Key hurdles include maintaining anaerobiosis, strain stability, and regulatory validation. Future techniques may leverage CRISPR-based tagging and organ-on-chip models for in situ isolation. Overall, NGP isolation has shifted from empirical culturing to precision microbiome engineering, promising personalized biotherapeutics. This article is a part of Conference Proceedings: International Conference on Digital Health, AI & Smart Pharma for Viksit Uttar Pradesh
subject: Review Article
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creator: Smriti Pandey
creator: Nikki Byahut
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Smriti Pandey, Nikki Byahut https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1164
ending page: 1172
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2026.6206

Single-Cell Multi-Omics Uncovers the Role of Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Shaping the Epigenetic Landscape of Neural Stem Cells during Aging
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description: Aging is a multifactorial process characterized by systemic physiological decline, during which neural stem cells (NSCs) undergo epigenetic reprogramming, contributing to cognitive impairment. Emerging evidence implicates the gut-brain axis in modulating this decline, yet the mechanistic underpinnings remain elusive. Here, we integrate single-cell transcriptomics and epigenomics (scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq) to dissect how microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) influence the chromatin accessibility and gene expression patterns of NSCs across age groups in murine models. SCFA supplementation in aged mice restores youthful epigenetic states in a subset of NSCs, promotes neurogenesis-associated transcriptional programs, and reduces senescence signatures. These findings uncover a novel avenue where microbiota metabolites serve as epigenetic modulators of neural aging, offering targets for therapeutic rejuvenation of the aging brain.
subject: Research Article
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creator: Mustapha Abdulsalam
creator: Ojeba Innocent Musa
creator: Miracle Uwa Livinus
creator: Amosa Sulyman Olayinka
creator: Adewale Opeyemi Ajibola
creator: Maryam Ibrahim Aminu
creator: Imam Muzeenat Oyinkansola
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mustapha Abdulsalam, Ojeba Innocent Musa, Miracle Uwa Livinus, Amosa Sulyman Olayinka, Adewale Opeyemi Ajibola, Maryam Ibrahim Aminu, Imam Muzeenat Oyinkansola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 1117
ending page: 1125
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2026.6201

Polymer-Based Topical Drug Delivery: Advances in Skin Penetration and Targeted Therapy
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description: Topical drug delivery systems have advanced significantly with the incorporation of polymer-based formulations, providing better patient compliance, controlled drug release, and increased therapeutic efficacy. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNPs) are particularly highlighted for site-specific delivery of multiple medications, owing to their structural advantages and controlled-release capabilities. The multifunctional role of polymers in stabilizing therapeutic proteins and enhancing skin penetration is explored, along with innovations such as pH-sensitive, temperature-sensitive, and biodegradable polymer systems. Emerging technologies like 3D printing are also discussed for their potential to revolutionize personalized topical therapies. Applications in dermatology, wound healing, and cosmetics underscore the versatility of polymeric systems. Numerous polymeric systems, including hydrogels, emulgels, nanogels, polymeric nanoparticles, microspheres, and film-forming systems, are highly effective at improving drug localization, enhancing skin retention, and achieving controlled release. The comparative analysis of these systems indicates that nanoparticles or nanogels will provide superior tissue penetration and targeted delivery, while hydrogels or emulgels will provide increased patient compliance and a prolonged duration of action at the site of topical administration. Challenges associated with scaling up manufacturing processes, polymer-related toxicity, regulatory approval, and long-term stability will continue to restrict the translation of these technologies to clinical use. Safety concerns, particularly toxicity and long-term bioaccumulation of certain polymer systems, are critically examined. This article is a part of Conference Proceedings: International Conference on Digital Health, AI & Smart Pharma for Viksit Uttar Pradesh
subject: Review Article
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creator: Mansi Upadhyay
creator: Noureen Jahan
creator: Mohammad Saliq
creator: Madhu Singh
creator: Preeti Prasad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mansi Upadhyay, Noureen Jahan, Mohammad Saliq, Madhu Singh, Preeti Prasad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 1143
ending page: 1153
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2026.6204

Formulation and Evaluation of Clove Oil–Loaded Niosomal Gel for Topical Delivery
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description: This paper aimed to mix and test a clove oil-loaded niosomal gel to improve topical delivery. Clove oil is also rich in eugenol and is highly antimicrobial, but its active compound is volatile and easily released when used conventionally. To overcome these limitations, niosomes were developed using the thin-film hydration method with Span 60 and cholesterol, which were then embedded in a carbopol gel base. The optimised formulation (F3) exhibited a vesicle size of 182.4 ± 4.2 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.241 ± 0.02, characteristic of uniform nanosized vesicles. The entrapment efficiency of 78.54 +/- 3.1% indicated the successful entrapment of clove oil. In vitro release experiments revealed 84.3 ± 2.4% release after 24 hours, compared with 98.7 ± 1.8% from the conventional gel after 12 hours (p < 0.05). The niosomal gel was also better in antimicrobial activity, with a zone of inhibition of 24 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and 21 mm against Candida albicans (p<0.05). These findings indicate that niosomal encapsulation significantly enhances the stability, prolonged release, skin retention, and antimicrobial activity of clove oil, making it a promising alternative for topical use in medicinal therapy.
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creator: Vishal Kumar
creator: Ishika Tyagi
creator: Harsh Goswami
creator: Sonal Sharma
creator: Shallu Sharma
creator: Mansi Aggarwal
creator: Monika Sachdeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Harsh Goswami, Vishal Kumar, Ishika Tyagi, Sonal Sharma, Shallu Sharma, Mansi Aggarwal, Monika Sachdeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 1126
ending page: 1134
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2026.6202

Epidemiological distribution of Fungal Infections Isolates from Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) in Patients suffering from Chronic Respiratory Diseases in Babylon Province
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description: Fungal infections of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) showed a significant clinical challenge specifically in patients with compromised pulmonary function. Early and accurate identification of these pathogens is crucial for effective management of this disease. To determine the prevalence, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility patterns, and independent risk factors associated with fungal isolation from (BAL samples) in Babylon Province, Iraq. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Imam Al-Sadiq Teaching Hospital for the periods (October 1,2025 – December 31, 2025), involving (96 patients) with clinical and radiological suspicion of pulmonary mycosis. Furthermore, fungal identification was performed using standard mycological techniques (KOH, SDA, and API 20C AUX). Antifungal susceptibility testing followed (CLSI M27) and (M38) guidelines. Fungal growth was detected in 41.7% (40/96) of BAL samples. Candida were the most common isolate (45%), followed by Aspergillus (22.5%) and Mucorales (20%). Non-albicans Candida accounted for 55% of Candida isolates. Fluconazole resistance was observed in 28% of Candida isolates. Diabetes mellitus and prolonged corticosteroid exposure were significantly associated with fungal isolation (p<0.05). The study showed a significant presence of Candida and Mucor infection in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) of patients in Babylon province. Finally, suggest that demographic factors such as (age and gender) may influence the distribution patterns of specific fungal pathogens infection. Therefore, focusing the need for rapid diagnostic approaches and the study represented an emerging shift toward resistant (non-albicans species) and emphasizes the necessity of susceptibility-guided antifungal therapy in future.
subject: Research Article
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creator: Murtadha Alkreami
creator: Uday H. K. AL-Janabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Murtadha Alkreami, Uday H. K. AL-Janabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-20
publication date: 2026-03-20
starting page: 1094
ending page: 1101
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2026.6104

Assessment of the Nutritional Composition and Condition Factor of Wild and Cultured African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
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description: This study compared the condition factor and nutrient composition of two sexes of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from the wild and cultured sources in Zobe Dam and Ni’ima Farm, respectively, in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. For this, 20 wild and 20 cultured, with equal sex representation (total n=40). The condition factor (K) of the wild fish was statistically higher (males: 1.71 ± 0.03; females: 1.69 ± 0.04) than the cultured fish (males: 1.52 ± 0.05; females: 1.56 ± 0.02). This shows that the wild fish had better overall well-being and energy reserves than the cultured ones. The proximate analysis was conducted (for dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, lipid, ash, and nitrogen-free extract), and there were no significant differences in most of the parameters of the sources and sexes except the ash content of the cultured fish, which was higher, and the wild fish possessed higher lipid and nitrogen-free extract. The male fishes showed slightly higher crude protein and lipids than the females. In conclusion, it was observed that the cultured and wild C. gariepinus fish had similar nutritional value, although the cultured fish had better minerals and the wild fish had more lipid from natural foraging. These findings will provide the basis for sustainable development of feed formulation, processing and management to enhance the quality of the cultured fish as well as assist the aquaculture sector of Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria, amid growing protein demand.
subject: Research Article
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creator: Idris Abdulhakeem Abdulhakeem
creator: Umaru Joel
creator: Akeem Babatunde Dauda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Idris Abdulhakeem Abdulhakeem, Joel Umaru, Akeem Babatunde Dauda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-14
publication date: 2026-06-14
starting page: 1135
ending page: 1142
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2026.6203

Keratinolytic Fungi for Biodegradation of Chicken feathers: Isolation, Characterization and Enzyme Analysis
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description: Chicken feathers are the main byproduct of Poultry Industry producing million tonnes of waste annually. Untreated feather waste harbours a range of pathogenic bacteria emitting pollutants like nitrous oxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulphide, posing a risk to both the environment and human health, hence must be biodegraded microbially. The Keratinolytic fungi were isolated from feathers using serial dilution. The keratinase activity was screened by gauging the growth on Mineral Minimal media with added feather powder. Submerged fermentation and spectrophotometry were used to analyze enzyme activity, indicating Keratinolytic potential. One-way ANOVA was used to validate the results statistically. Four fungal isolates were successfully isolated, showing growth surge up to 3.96× on feather supplemented minimal media. All isolates showed highest Enzyme activity on the 5th Day with KF Isolates 4 & 2 showing 9.79 ± 0.37 U/mL & 8.71 ± 0.41 respectively. Statistical analysis also supported the fungi’s Keratinolytic potential. The results of this study highlighted the potential of fungal isolates for eco-friendly biodegradation of Poultry waste.
subject: Research Article
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creator: Akanksha Mishra
creator: Vaibhavi Cheketkar
creator: Renuka Bhoyar
creator: Shiwani Kawade
creator: Aman Tiple
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Akanksha Mishra, Vaibhavi Cheketkar, Renuka Bhoyar, Shiwani Kawade, Aman Tiple https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
starting page: 1083
ending page: 1093
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2026.6103

Comparative Analysis of Bagging and Boosting Algorithms for Predicting Protein-Protein Interactions Using Learned Embeddings
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description: Viral infections are a major global health concern, as evidenced by the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, leading to a worldwide pandemic. Viruses can manipulate host cell machinery by integrating their genetic material into the host genome, a process facilitated by Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs). Identifying PPIs between humans and viruses is essential for understanding the mode of infection and host immune responses and developing effective treatment regimes. Although experimental methods like mass spectrometry-based proteomics and yeast two-hybrid assays are widely employed to identify human-virus PPIs they are often time-consuming, expensive, and labor-intensive. Here, we propose an alternative method that overcomes technical limitations by leveraging machine learning models to predict human-virus PPIs with enhanced accuracy and efficiency, emphasizing the role of automatic feature extraction and ensemble learning techniques in driving superior prediction performance. Protein sequences are analyzed using Word2Vec embeddings to automatically extract complex features, offering a significant advantage over manual feature engineering. The study employs two ensemble learning approaches, boosting and bagging, to train predictive models on the extracted features. Among these, XGBoost, a boosting algorithm, demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to bagging models. Our findings highlight the potential of combining automated feature extraction with advanced ensemble learning methods to improve the efficiency and accuracy of PPI prediction. This approach enhances our understanding of protein sequences and their interactions and holds promise for accelerating the development of effective antiviral therapies.
subject: Research Article
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creator: Sini S Raj
creator: Vinod Chandra S S
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sini S Raj, Vinod Chandra S S https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
starting page: 1068
ending page: 1082
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2026.6102

Tilapia Aquaculture: A Review
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description: The tilapia aquaculture has developed into a vital component in the global food security and rural livelihoods, with its value of around 6.9million metric tonnes worth of $12.5 billion in 2023. This review brings together the current literature that is related to the biological traits, farming systems, nutrition, disease management, environmental impacts, socioeconomic benefits, and technological innovations in tilapia aquaculture. It is centered on the main cultured species, i.e. Oreochromis niloticus, O. mossambicus, O. aureus, etc. The narrative review method was adopted based on the recent peer-reviewed publications, FAO reports, and industry data. The key gaps identified include poor adoption of climate-resilient and precision technologies by small-scale producers, an underlying gender inequality, lack of scalable biosecurity and vaccination solutions, and environmental threat in the form of nutrient runoffs and invasive escapes. The research recommends giving priority to affordable innovations, inclusive policy frameworks that serve the interests of the small holders particularly women, climate-adaptive strains and systems, strengthened biosecurity systems and enhanced application of certified sustainable practices including the ASC and the BAP, which will balance the productivity, environmental stewardship and social equity.
subject: Review Article
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creator: Abdulhakeem Idris Abdulhakeem
creator: Nazym Sapargalyeva
creator: Kegenova Gulnar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulhakeem Idris Abdulhakeem, Nazym Sapargalyeva, Gulnar Kegenova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13
starting page: 1102
ending page: 1116
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2026.6105

Use of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review
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description: Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in healthcare, revolutionizing clinical practice, research, and patient care delivery. This review examines the current applications of AI across various healthcare domains, including medical imaging, diagnostics, drug discovery, personalized medicine, and healthcare administration. We discuss the integration of machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing technologies that enable enhanced diagnostic accuracy, treatment optimization, and operational efficiency. The review highlights significant achievements in AI-powered medical imaging analysis, predictive analytics for disease progression, and clinical decision support systems. We also address critical challenges including data privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, regulatory frameworks, and the need for clinical validation. Despite these challenges, AI demonstrates substantial promise in addressing healthcare disparities, reducing clinician burnout, and improving patient outcomes. The future of AI in healthcare lies in developing explainable AI systems, ensuring equitable access, and fostering human-AI collaboration that augments rather than replaces clinical expertise.
subject: Review Article
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creator: Mars Rob
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mars Rob https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 1038
ending page: 1046
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5403

Conversion of Injectable Semaglutide into Oral Formulations: Comparative Evaluation of Tablet and Liquid Preparations for Pharmaceutical Feasibility and Biological Potential
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description: The change of injectable semaglutide into verbally administered portion of drug or other consumable forms shows a significant progress in peptide-located diabetes medicines. This study evaluates the feasibility, pharmacokinetics, and temporary balance of oral semaglutide brought through capsule and liquid formulations in Sprague–Dawley rats. Injectable semaglutide (1 mg/mL) was reformulated using SNAC-located next-release sciences. Both oral formulations illustrated agreeable bioavailability (0.8–0.9%) relative to the injectable form. Pharmacokinetic reasoning told deferred Tmax for the tablet distinguished to the liquid, unpaid to formulation excipients. Stability experiment over 30 days designated maintained potency (95–97%) accompanying gentle opalescence in the liquid expression, inciting plans for enhanced expression plannings. These judgments provide basic evidence advocating future long-term ICH-obedient support studies and expression refinement for numbering spoken GLP-1 agonist development.
subject: Short Communication
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creator: Rehan Haider
creator: Zameer Ahmed
creator: Sambreen Zameer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rehan Haider, Zameer Ahmed, Sambreen Zameer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 1057
ending page: 1060
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5405

Antibacterial, Acute Toxicity and Histological Study of Dodonaea viscosa, Eucalyptus camaldulencis and Senna siamae: Ethnobotanical Plants for Typhoid Fever in Kano State, Nigeria
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description: This study evaluated the antibacterial activity, acute toxicity, and histological effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dodonaea viscosa, and Senna siamae, three ethnobotanical plants traditionally used to treat typhoid fever in Kano State, Nigeria. Antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, followed by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Acute toxicity was evaluated using a single oral limit dose of 5000 mg/kg in mice, and histological assessment of the liver, kidney, and heart was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. At 100 mg/ml, E. camaldulensis exhibited the largest inhibition zone (20.3 ± 2.52 mm), followed by S. siamae (15.0 ± 0.00 mm) and D. viscosa (13.0 ± 0.00 mm) which showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) with the control. MIC and MBC values confirmed that E. camaldulensis had the highest antibacterial potency (MIC 6.25 mg/ml; MBC 12.5 mg/ml), whereas D. viscosa and S. siamae showed MIC 12.5 mg/ml and MBC 25 mg/ml. Acute toxicity assessment revealed no mortality at 5000 mg/kg for all the extracts (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg). Histological evaluation showed normal heart tissues in all the tested groups, normal liver and kidney tissues in E. camaldulensis and S. siamae-treated mice, but slight tubular necrosis in the kidney and minimal hepatic necrosis in the liver of D. viscosa-treated mice. Lesions were graded as minimal and observed in 1 out of 3 mice per group.
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creator: Sakina Sani Buhari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sakina Sani Buhari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 1061
ending page: 1067
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2026.6101

Important Roles of GABA and Its Receptor Subtypes in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Mini Review
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description: This review is dedicated to a systematic evaluation of the involvement of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and the three major receptor subtypes in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. The core theme is how changes in GABAergic neurotransmission, receptor expression, synaptic inhibition, and network oscillatory dysfunction lead to cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, and disease progression. The review also outlines the therapeutic interventions designed to target the GABAergic signaling to lessen the Alzheimer's-related neuropathology. This review was conducted using a structured narrative approach to ensure a transparent and comprehensive synthesis of data on GABAergic mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. A systematic literature search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Search keywords included: “GABA AND Alzheimer’s disease,” “GABAergic dysfunction,” “GABA receptor subtypes,” “GABAA_AA receptors and AD,” “GABAB_BB signaling,” “GABAC_CC receptor function,” “inhibitory neurotransmission AND neurodegeneration.” GABA plays an important role in synchronization of neuronal transmission in brain and also functions for storing of memory. It performs physiological functions like production of controlling brain signals, interferon-γ production, and decrease the cell excitability. In this review article, we have shown the role of GABA and its types in Alzheimer’s disease AD.
subject: Mini Review
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creator: Sachchida Nand Rai
creator: Prateek Gupta
creator: Falguni Goel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sachchida Nand Rai, Prateek Gupta, Falguni Goel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 1047
ending page: 1056
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5404

Emerging Human-Based Alternative Technologies as Replacements for Preclinical Animal Testing
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description: This review aims to explore recent advancements in human-based methodologies that are reshaping the landscape of preclinical research. It focuses on evaluating the scientific validity, translational relevance, and regulatory recognition of emerging non-animal platforms. By analyzing these approaches, the article seeks to demonstrate their potential in enhancing predictive accuracy, ethical responsibility, and the overall efficiency of biomedical research and drug development. Most predominantly used methods include Artificial intelligence models, in-vitro models, in-silico models, organ-on-chip systems, and other innovative technologies. Human organoids-on-chips (OrgOCs) combine human organoids (HOs) technology and microfluidic organs-on-chips (OOCs). HOs are related to biological analysis and genetic manipulation while OOCs can simulate external characteristics of organs like living tissue, OrgOCs served as 3D organotypic living models allowing them to recapitulate critical tissue-specific properties and predict human responses. Virtual screening, molecular docking, QSAR modeling, AI/ML based clinical computational models are some of the tools used in building non-animal modelling. Animal testing requirement of FDA will be replaced using above range of approaches in a laboratory setting. Implementation of the regimen shall begin for investigational new drug (IND) applications, where inclusion of NAMs data is encouraged, as outlined in road map guidance document. In the future, computational approaches have the potential to catapult us into the realm of customized treatment, where individual differences are methodically examined leading to transformed drug development. Virtual screening and computer-based trials are emerging as ways to speed up drug development while reducing expenses. is critical to balance innovation with ethical data handling. In essence, the future of drug design is being charted by the dynamic interplay of computational prowess and biological i…
subject: Review Article
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creator: Sindura Gollamudi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sindura Gollamudi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 1027
ending page: 1037
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5402

Mechanobiological Interactions in Microorganisms: Implications for Host-Pathogen Dynamics and Antibiotic Resistance
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description: The interplay between mechanical forces and biological systems, particularly within microorganisms, has emerged as a critical factor influencing pathogen behavior and host-pathogen interactions. This study explores the role of mechanobiology—how mechanical forces such as shear stress, deformation, and surface tension affect microbial dynamics—within the context of infection and antibiotic resistance. This study discusses how mechanical stimuli regulate microbial adhesion, biofilm formation, and virulence, with direct implications for antibiotic resistance. By integrating insights from physics, biology, and microbiology, the study provides a novel perspective on how these forces could influence pathogen survival and resistance mechanisms, such as the formation of protective biofilms or the induction of stress-responsive genetic pathways. While the article offers valuable insights into the mechanobiology of pathogens, it presents several gaps that warrant further investigation. These include the underexplored role of host tissue mechanics in shaping microbial pathogenesis, the genetic adaptations of pathogens to mechanical stresses, and the potential for developing novel therapeutic approaches that target mechanobiological pathways. Future research in this field should aim to bridge the gap between physical forces, microbial genetics, and immune responses, offering new strategies for combating antibiotic-resistant infections. In sum, this study highlights the need for a more integrated approach to understanding microbial infections, one that incorporates the growing field of mechanobiology into conventional therapeutic and preventative paradigms.
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creator: Shuaib Sauda Bello
creator: Olaitan Lateefat Salam
creator: Shehu-Alimi Elelu
creator: Ganiyat Omotayo Ibrahim
creator: Idowu Afeez Temitope
creator: Miracle Uwa Livinus
creator: Alege Abdulraheem Lateefat
creator: Musa Ojeba Innocent
creator: Mustapha Abdulsalam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shuaib Sauda Bello, Olaitan Lateefat Salam, Shehu-Alimi Elelu, Ganiyat Omotayo Ibrahim, Idowu Afeez Temitope, Miracle Uwa Livinus, Alege Abdulraheem Lateefat, Musa Ojeba Innocent, Mustapha Abdulsalam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-16
publication date: 2025-09-16
starting page: 963
ending page: 977
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5302

Antibacterial Effect of Salvadora persica Extract on Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Gingivitis Patients
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description: Salvadora persica (miswak) is traditionally used as a natural oral hygiene tool. This study investigates the antibacterial activity of hot aqueous miswak extract against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with gingivitis. Fifty samples were collected from patients diagnosed with gingivitis at a primary health center in Babylon Governorate between January and June 2025. Bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods. Miswak extract was prepared in concentrations of 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion method and compared with conventional antibiotics: vancomycin, carbenicillin, and piperacillin. The Staphylococcus aureus isolates were gotten, 4 isolates from males (26.66%) and 11 isolates from females (73.33%). There was no significant difference between the infection rate of bacterial isolates and the use of miswak (P=0.37), the occurrence of bleeding in the gums (P=0.36), and smoking (P=0.37). The miswak extract at a concentration of (50%) showed a greater effect than the other concentrations, as the inhibition zone was (9.86) mm with highly significant differences at the probability level concentrations of extract. (P<0.05), in addition to the presence of significant differences between the effect of Miswak at concentrations (30%, 40%, 50%) and the sensitivity of the isolates to vancomycin, Pipracillin and carbenicillin. This study was limited by its small sample size, single-center design, and possible variability in miswak chemical composition due to plant source and storage conditions. Future multi-center studies with larger populations are recommended. The higher the concentration of the aqueous extract of Miswak, the greater the effect on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from gingivitis compared to some types of antibiotics.
subject: Research Article
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creator: Murtadha Khaleel Ibrahiem
creator: Ghanim Aboud Jaber Al-Mola
creator: Rafah Hady Lateef
creator: Diana jalal albiaty
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Murtadha Alkreami, Ghanim Al-Mola, Rafah Hady Lateef, Diana jalal albiaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-02
publication date: 2025-09-02
starting page: 958
ending page: 962
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5301

XEC: The Next Frontier in COVID-19 Evolution and Biotechnological Interventions
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description: The XEC strain of SARS-CoV-2, a recombinant variant, presents significant challenges due to its mutations that enhance immune escape potential and potentially alter transmission dynamics. As the world continues to confront the evolving nature of COVID-19, biotechnological innovations, including genomic surveillance, CRISPR-based diagnostics, and mRNA vaccine platforms, have been essential in responding to emerging variants. However, the XEC variant’s ability to evade immunity requires ongoing adaptation of these technologies, including precision diagnostics and updated vaccines. Despite progress, substantial gaps remain in understanding the pathophysiology of new variants like XEC, their impacts on vulnerable populations, and the efficacy of current therapeutics. Future research should prioritize investigating the molecular mechanisms driving XEC’s pathogenicity, long-term vaccine effectiveness, the development of novel therapeutics, and the integration of biotechnology into public health policies. Furthermore, enhanced international collaboration and data sharing are critical for improving global surveillance and preparedness. Addressing these research gaps through multidisciplinary efforts will be crucial in mitigating the impact of future viral threats and safeguarding global health.
subject: Review Article
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creator: Mustapha Abdulsalam
creator: Musa Ojeba Innocent
creator: Miracle Uwa Livinus
creator: Fatimoh Abdulsalam Danjuma
creator: Idowu Afeez Temitope
creator: Ishola Jonathan Adekunle
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mustapha Abdulsalam, Musa Ojeba Innocent, Miracle Uwa Livinus, Fatimoh Abdulsalam Danjuma, Idowu Afeez Temitope, Ishola Jonathan Adekunle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-15
publication date: 2025-10-15
starting page: 1018
ending page: 1026
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5401

Environmental Epidemiology Reimagined: Soil Microbes as Indicators of Public Health Risks
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description: This study explores the potential of soil microbiomes as indicators of public health risks, emphasizing the complex interplay between soil microbial communities and human health outcomes. Soil microorganisms are critical components of ecosystems, influencing both beneficial functions, such as nutrient cycling and plant health, and harmful effects, including the presence of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes that can pose risks to human populations. The study investigates how anthropogenic factors—such as urbanization, agriculture, and climate change—affect soil microbial diversity, which in turn impacts public health. The integration of advanced biotechnological tools, such as metagenomics, machine learning, and biosensors, is explored as a means of enhancing the detection and monitoring of soil health risks. The study also highlights the current gaps in research linking soil microbial dynamics to human health outcomes and calls for interdisciplinary approaches to bridge these gaps. Findings from this research suggest that soil microbiomes have significant potential to serve as bioindicators of public health risks, offering a new avenue for improving health surveillance and informing policy recommendations. The study concludes with a call to action for further research, improved monitoring strategies, and the incorporation of soil health into public health frameworks to address the global health challenges posed by environmental changes.
subject: Review Article
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creator: Fiddausi Umar Musa
creator: Tijani Abiola Tajudeen
creator: Olaitan Lateefat Salam
creator: Idowu Afeez Temitope
creator: Miracle Uwa Livinus
creator: Abdulhakeem Idris Abdulhakeem
creator: Ishola Jonathan Adekunle
creator: Musa Ojeba Innocent
creator: Mustapha Abdulsalam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fiddausi Umar Musa, Tijani Abiola Tajudeen, Olaitan Lateefat Salam, Idowu Afeez Temitope, Miracle Uwa Livinus, Abdulhakeem Idris Abdulhakeem, Ishola Jonathan Adekunle, Musa Ojeba Innocent, Mustapha Abdulsalam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-15
publication date: 2025-09-15
starting page: 978
ending page: 991
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5303

Eriodictyol Ameliorates Biochemical and Histopathological Abnormalities in the Hippocampal Brain Region of Fructose/Streptozotocin-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats
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description: Eriodictyol offers essential protection to the brain but its effect in diabetes-induced neurologic dysfunction is poorly known. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by administering 10% fructose in the drinking water for fourteen days followed by single intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg body weight streptozotocin. Separate groups of diabetic rats were post-treated with varying doses of eriodictyol (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) for 14 days. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed; the hippocampi were carefully separated and processed for biochemical estimations and histopathological examination. The weight, blood glucose level, and glycated hemoglobin were determined using standard methods. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Na+/K+-ATPase activities were evaluated. Reduced glutathione (GSH), protein carbonyl (PC) levels and the extent of lipid peroxidation (LPO) were also evaluated. Also, histopathological examination was carried out on the hippocampi brain region. Eriodictyol significantly (p<0.0001) reduced the high blood glucose level and glycated hemoglobin in the diabetic rats. There was a significant (p<0.0001) increase in SOD, CAT, GPx, Na+/K+-ATPase activities and weight as well as GSH level but, decrease in AChE activity and extent of LPO, and PC levels of diabetic rats post-treated with the flavonoid. These results were consistent with the histopathological findings which showed significant attenuation of neuronal cell death in diabetic rats post-treated with the flavonoid. The data established for the first time, the ameliorative potential of eriodictyol on oxidative imbalance and histopathological changes against fructose/stz-induced type-2 diabetic rats.
subject: Research Article
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creator: Anthony Monday Agesin
creator: Afolabi Clement Akinmoladun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anthony Agesin, Akinmoladun Afolabi Akinmoladun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-02
publication date: 2025-06-02
starting page: 888
ending page: 897
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5201

Bioinformatics approaches for cancer biomarker discovery
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description: Cancer biomarker discovery is essential for early diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment strategies. Recent advancements in bioinformatics have significantly enhanced the identification of novel biomarkers, providing deeper insights into the molecular underpinnings of cancer. This review explores various bioinformatics approaches used in cancer biomarker discovery, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. We discuss how high-throughput sequencing, data integration, and machine learning tools enable the identification of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers across cancer types. Additionally, the review highlights the challenges associated with cancer biomarker discovery, such as data heterogeneity, validation issues, and ethical concerns. Furthermore, emerging technologies like single-cell RNA sequencing, CRISPR-based screening, and 3D tumor modeling are shaping the future of cancer biomarker research, enabling a more personalized approach to cancer treatment. Bioinformatics is pivotal in driving precision medicine, facilitating the development of targeted therapies based on tumor-specific biomarkers. As these technologies continue to evolve, bioinformatics will play a crucial role in advancing cancer diagnosis, improving treatment outcomes, and ultimately enhancing patient survival.
subject: Review Article
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creator: Gaurav Mishra*#
creator: Saloni Rahi#
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Gaurav Mishra, Saloni Rahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-12-10
publication date: 2022-12-10
starting page: 356
ending page: 363
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2022.2404

Exploring Local-to-Global Win-Win Strategies for Infectious Disease Control: Enhancing Human Health and Sustainability
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description: Infectious disease control and environmental sustainability are interconnected challenges requiring integrated solutions. Traditional approaches often overlook their synergies, limiting long-term effectiveness. This study explores win-win strategies that simultaneously enhance public health outcomes and promote environmental sustainability. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, analyzing sustainable health interventions, policy frameworks, and technological innovations. Key areas such as integrated vector management [IVM], water, sanitation, and hygiene [WASH] programs, and climate-resilient health strategies were examined. Findings highlight that IVM reduces vector-borne diseases while minimizing pesticide resistance, WASH interventions prevent waterborne diseases and reduce pollution, and climate adaptation strategies mitigate disease risks while promoting ecological balance. Policy recommendations include decentralized health governance, incentives for sustainable practices, and global financing mechanisms. Technological innovations such as mobile health [mHealth], big data analytics, and eco-friendly health technologies enhance sustainability and efficiency. Integrating sustainability into infectious disease control is critical for long-term global health security. Future research should focus on scalable solutions and interdisciplinary approaches to maximize health and environmental benefits.
subject: Review Article
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creator: Halima Ahmad Gwadabe
creator: Shehu-Alimi Elelu
creator: Musa Ojeba Innocent
creator: Ganiyat Omotayo Ibrahim
creator: Ishola Jonathan Adekunle
creator: Mustapha Abdulsalam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Halima Ahmad Gwadabe, Shehu-Alimi Elelu, Musa Ojeba Innocent, Ganiyat Omotayo Ibrahim, Ishola Jonathan Adekunle, Mustapha Abdulsalam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-17
publication date: 2025-03-17
starting page: 850
ending page: 864
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5104

Malaria Research in the 21st Century: Persistent Challenges and the Road Ahead
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description: Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, with an estimated 247 million cases and 619,000 deaths reported in 2021 (WHO, 2022). Despite substantial progress in reducing the burden of malaria through vector control, improved diagnostics, and the introduction of vaccines, complete eradication remains elusive. The emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium strains, insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors, and the limited efficacy of current vaccines present significant barriers to achieving malaria elimination. While new technologies such as genomics and gene editing offer promising avenues for research, their implementation in endemic regions remains challenging. This article provides a critical assessment of the current state of malaria research, discussing major obstacles and potential solutions. It also presents an opinion on the strategies that should be prioritized to accelerate malaria elimination efforts. The frontline artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have played a pivotal role in malaria control. However, Plasmodium falciparum has developed resistance to artemisinin and its partner drugs in Southeast Asia, with signs of emerging resistance in Africa (1)(2). New drug candidates such as KAF156 and MMV048 are in clinical trials, but delays in drug development and regulatory approvals limit their immediate impact (3). A shift towards host-targeted therapies and multi-drug regimens should be explored to mitigate resistance. Additionally, repurposing existing drugs with antimalarial potential could accelerate the availability of new treatment options. The RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix) vaccine, despite being the first WHO-recommended malaria vaccine, offers only 30–40% efficacy, requiring multiple booster doses (4). The newer R21/Matrix-M vaccine has demonstrated higher efficacy in early trials but requires further validation in large-scale studies (5). A multi-target vaccine approach, incorporating transmission-blocking and blood-stage antigens, ma…
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creator: Molojwane Makate
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Molojwane Makate https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-11-16
publication date: 2022-11-16
starting page: 364
ending page: 365
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2022.2405

Interplay of Microbiome and Ulcerative Colitis
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description: The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Dysbiosis, characterized by reduced microbial diversity and shifts in bacterial populations, is commonly observed in UC patients. Key microbial species such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria are implicated in disease development, influencing immune responses and intestinal barrier integrity. This review explores the complex interplay between the microbiome and UC, focusing on mechanisms such as immune modulation, barrier disruption, and the production of metabolites like short-chain fatty acids. Microbiome-targeted therapies, including probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and dietary interventions, show promise in restoring microbial balance and alleviating UC symptoms. Additionally, emerging microbiome-modulating drugs provide new therapeutic avenues. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, including the heterogeneity of UC, the need for personalized treatments, and the causal relationship between microbiome changes and UC. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies, personalized therapies, and the application of advanced technologies like metagenomics to deepen our understanding of the microbiome’s role in UC. Long-term clinical trials will be essential for determining the safety and efficacy of microbiome-based treatments. This review highlights the potential of the microbiome as a therapeutic target and underscores the need for continued research to improve UC management.
subject: Review Article
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creator: Gowthami Reddy Mareddy
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 Gowthami Reddy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2022-12-10
publication date: 2022-12-10
starting page: 346
ending page: 355
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2022.2403

Exploring Interspecies Communication: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Animal Signals and Their Human Interpretations
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description: Interspecies communication represents a critical yet underexplored domain that challenges traditional linguistic paradigms and our understanding of communicative complexity across biological systems. This research addresses the fundamental gaps in comprehending non-human communication systems by investigating the intricate mechanisms of signal transmission, interpretation, and contextual meaning-making across diverse animal species. The study employs a multidisciplinary methodology integrating ethological observations, advanced audio-visual recording technologies, and machine learning algorithms for signal pattern recognition. By analyzing communication systems in primates, cetaceans, insects, and avian species, the research systematically examines the structural and semantic principles underlying animal communication while critically interrogating the anthropomorphic biases inherent in human interpretation. Methodologically, the research utilizes comparative linguistic analysis, behavioral coding techniques, and interdisciplinary frameworks to decode the nuanced signaling strategies employed by different species. The investigation reveals that animal communication systems are far more sophisticated than previously understood, demonstrating complex semantic structures, contextual adaptability, and intricate social coordination mechanisms. The findings challenge anthropocentric communication models by demonstrating that communication is a dynamic, adaptive process deeply embedded in ecological and social contexts. Theoretically, the research provides a novel framework for understanding communicative intelligence beyond human linguistic boundaries, offering profound implications for conservation biology, animal welfare, and our conceptual understanding of cognitive evolution. This groundbreaking study opens new avenues for interdisciplinary exploration, bridging gaps between linguistics, ethology, and cognitive science while reimagining communication as a broader, mor…
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creator: Julius Ademola Oyewole
creator: Bisiriyu Ajani Awolaju
creator: Peter Alani Oluwafunminiyi Ayomide
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Julius Ademola Oyewole, Bisiriyu Ajani Awolaju, Peter Alani Oluwafunminiyi Ayomide https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-02
publication date: 2025-06-02
starting page: 898
ending page: 906
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5202

Exploration of Soil Microbiomes as a Source of Novel Antimicrobial Compounds for Combating Drug-Resistant Pathogens
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description: The soil microbiome represents a valuable and largely untapped resource for drug discovery, containing a diverse array of microorganisms capable of producing bioactive compounds with significant therapeutic potential. This study examines the role of soil-derived microorganisms in the development of novel antimicrobial, anticancer, and other bioactive agents, highlighting the advancements made through high-throughput sequencing, metagenomics, and omics technologies. These approaches have significantly enhanced our ability to identify and characterize bioactive compounds within complex soil ecosystems. However, challenges such as culturing unculturable microorganisms, ensuring compound stability, and translating findings into clinical applications remain significant barriers. The study also explores the integration of computational tools, particularly machine learning and artificial intelligence, which have shown promise in accelerating the identification and optimization of bioactive compounds. Moreso, ethical considerations surrounding soil bioprospecting, including environmental impact and sustainable practices, are discussed as critical factors in ensuring responsible microbial resource exploration. With antimicrobial resistance becoming an increasingly urgent global health crisis, the potential of soil microbiomes as a source of novel therapeutics is more crucial than ever. However, the study emphasizes the need for continued advancements in metagenomics, synthetic biology, and drug delivery systems. It also advocates for greater interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome existing challenges and unlock the full potential of soil microbiomes for drug discovery.
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creator: Tijani Abiola Tajudeen
creator: Olaitan Lateefat Salam
creator: Idowu Afeez Temitope
creator: Abdulhakeem Idris Abdulhakeem
creator: Ishola Jonathan Adekunle
creator: Musa Ojeba Innocent
creator: Mustapha Abdulsalam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tijani Abiola Tajudeen, Olaitan Lateefat Salam, Idowu Afeez Temitope, Abdulhakeem Idris Abdulhakeem, Ishola Jonathan Adekunle, Musa Ojeba Innocent, Mustapha Abdulsalam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-02
publication date: 2025-09-02
starting page: 1005
ending page: 1017
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5305

Advancements in Microbial Drug Discovery: Leveraging AI, CRISPR, and Microbiome Insights to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance
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description: This study explores the innovative intersection of artificial intelligence (AI), CRISPR technology, and microbiome insights in microbial drug discovery, with a focus on overcoming the challenges posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and emerging infectious diseases. The global threat of AMR necessitates the development of novel approaches that transcend traditional drug discovery methods. AI-driven platforms, including machine learning and high-throughput screening, are transforming drug design by enabling rapid identification of potential therapeutic targets and optimizing drug repurposing efforts. CRISPR-based gene-editing technologies offer precise tools to combat resistance mechanisms at the genetic level, while microbiome-based therapies hold promise for restoring microbial balance and improving immune responses. Despite significant progress, several challenges remain, including the integration of these technologies, data quality concerns, and the clinical translation of innovative solutions. The future of microbial drug discovery lies in the synergy of these technologies, providing a pathway toward personalized, effective treatments and combating the growing threat of AMR. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape, identifies research gaps, and outlines potential directions for future advancements.
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creator: Ibrahim Abdulrazaq
creator: Shehu-Alimi Elelu
creator: Ganiyat Omotayo Ibrahim
creator: Idowu Afeez Temitope
creator: Abdulsalam Hawau Avoswahi
creator: Abdulkareem Tajuddeen Zakari
creator: Mustapha Abdulsalam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Abdulrazaq, Shehu-Alimi Elelu, Ganiyat Omotayo Ibrahim, Idowu Afeez Temitope, Abdulsalam Hawau Avoswahi, Abdulkareem Tajuddeen Zakari, Mustapha Abdulsalam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-02
publication date: 2025-09-02
starting page: 992
ending page: 1004
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5304

Exploring the Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Caladium Bicolor: A Review
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description: Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. The plant is occasionally gathered from the wild and used as a food source by local folks. It is often grown as an ornamental plant in tropical gardens, where it is valued particularly for its attractive foliage. Various parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine to manage conditions such as convulsion in children, facial paralysis, tumours, sore throats, toothache, constipation, wounds, flu symptoms, as an antiseptic, emetic, laxative and insecticide. This is the first review that summarizes the botanical description, plant ecology, geographical distribution, traditional uses, phytochemical screening, biological activities and toxicity of Caladium bicolor. The information that are contained in this review article, being the first article that addresses this topic were gotten from online databases and published literatures on traditional uses and various research studies conducted on Caladium bicolor in various countries from 1985-2021.Phytochemical screening of extracts from different parts of Caladium bicolor showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins in its leaves, tubers, stem and roots, and cardiac glycosides in the leaves and tubers of the plant. Carbohydrates, lignin, starch, mucilage, cellulose, cutin and suberin were also found to be present in the methanolic extracts of its leaves with absence of calcium oxalate. Various studies have discovered its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, mitogenic, cytotoxic and thrombolytic activities. This review therefore summarizes reports on Caladium bicolor plant in order to provide sufficient information for further and future research which are needed to complement these findings.
subject: Review Article
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creator: Mary D. Agoi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mary Dada Agoi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-02
publication date: 2025-06-02
starting page: 947
ending page: 957
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5206

Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in Treating Emerging Viral Infections: Efficacy, Safety, and Mechanisms in Monkeypox and Influenza A (H5N1)
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description: Due to their antiviral and immunomodulatory properties, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have gained attention as potential treatments for emerging viral infections, including monkeypox and Influenza A. Hydroxychloroquine has demonstrated in vitro efficacy in inhibiting viral replication, while azithromycin is primarily used as an antibiotic but has shown some promise in modulating inflammation and treating secondary infections. However, clinical evidence supporting the use of these drugs for emerging infections remains inconclusive, with existing studies often yielding mixed results. The lack of large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and long-term safety data further complicates their use in treating novel viral pathogens. This review highlights the need for comprehensive clinical trials to assess the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in the treatment of emerging infections. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of long-term monitoring to better understand the adverse effects and the potential benefits of these drugs, particularly in high-risk populations. Future research should focus on combination therapy studies and comparative trials with other antiviral treatments to establish more effective therapeutic strategies for new viral threats.
subject: Review Article
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creator: Mustapha Abdulsalam
creator: Musa Ojeba Innocent
creator: Miracle Uwa Livinus
creator: Fatimoh Abdulsalam Danjuma
creator: Idowu Afeez Temitope
creator: Ishola Jonathan Adekunle
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mustapha Abdulsalam, Musa Ojeba Innocent, Miracle Uwa Livinus, Fatimoh Abdulsalam Danjuma, Idowu Afeez Temitope, Ishola Jonathan Adekunle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-17
publication date: 2025-03-17
starting page: 865
ending page: 877
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5105

Artificial Intelligence Meets Vascular Health: Identifying Molecules for Precision Repair of Barrier Dysfunctions
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description: Vascular barrier dysfunctions pose significant health risks, contributing to pathological conditions characterized by increased permeability and inflammation. This study explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in identifying small molecules that can effectively target and repair these dysfunctions. The fundamental mechanisms underlying vascular barrier integrity, common causes of dysfunction, and the role of small molecules in therapeutic repair are discussed. Existing research gaps and limitations of traditional drug discovery approaches necessitating innovative solutions are highlighted. Integrating AI techniques such as machine learning, molecular docking, and virtual screening represents a paradigm shift in drug discovery, offering enhanced efficiency and accuracy in identifying promising candidates. Successful case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of AI-driven methodologies, while challenges related to data limitations and biological validation are also addressed. Looking ahead, the collaboration between AI and multi-omics approaches is poised to transform vascular medicine, facilitating personalized therapeutic strategies and ultimately improving patient outcomes.
subject: Review Article
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creator: Fatima Abdulkadir Muhammad
creator: Shehu-Alimi Elelu
creator: Ganiyat Omotayo Ibrahim
creator: Idowu Afeez Temitope
creator: Miracle Uwa Livinus
creator: Abdulsalam Hawau Avoswahi
creator: Alege Abdulraheem Lateefat
creator: Musa Ojeba Innocent
creator: Mustapha Abdulsalam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Abdulkadir Muhammad, Shehu-Alimi Elelu, Ganiyat Omotayo Ibrahim, Idowu Afeez Temitope, Miracle Uwa Livinus, Abdulsalam Hawau Avoswahi, Alege Abdulraheem Lateefat, Musa Ojeba Innocent, Mustapha Abdulsalam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-02
publication date: 2025-06-02
starting page: 932
ending page: 946
doi: 10.55006/biolsciences.2025.5205