A literature review on impact of COVID-19 and current immunization status: The Indian scenario
Department of Pharmacy Practice, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab-142001, India.
- Received
- Published
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a highly infectious and deadly coronavirus that first appeared in late 2019 and has since created a pandemic of the acute respiratory disease known as "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19). This literature aims to summarise current knowledge of COVID-19’s clinical, epidemiological, structural, and pathological aspects, as well as the timeline of spread and recent progress in India’s immunization effort. A literature review was conducted through the database of Google Scholar and the official website of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. All the latest studies regarding knowledge, prevention, and details related to COVID-19 were utilized. The outcome indicated that India is the world's second-most affecting coronavirus region. The adaptability of mutant virus and disobedience to CAB are the leading causes of the rising spread, therefore, having common symptoms of fever, sore throat, cough, and general weakness. This study reported that the number of COVID-19 cases has spread throughout the world, has caused an increase in morbidity and mortality in the population. The improvement of the immunization programme, on the other hand, has opposite impact on mortality rate.
References
- Ouassou H, Kharchoufa L, Bouhrim M, Daoudi NE, Imtara H, Bencheikh N, et al. The Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evaluation and Prevention. Vol. 2020, Journal of Immunology Research. Hindawi Limited; 2020.
- Parasher A. COVID-19: Current understanding of its pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2020;postgradmedj-2020-138577.
- Moorthy V, Restrepo AMH, Preziosi MP, Swaminathan S. Data sharing for novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2020 Mar 1;98(3):150.
- WHO. Coronaviruses are large family. http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/corona-virus/questions-and-answers.html#:~:text=Coronaviruses%20are%20a%20large%20family,Syndrome%20. 2022.
- World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease. https://covid19.who.int. 2022.
- WHO. India Situation. https://covid19.who.int/region/searo/country/in. 2022.
- The Economic Times. One year since a complete lockdown was announced, we look back on how India fought COVID. https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/one-year-since-a-complete-lockdown-was-announced-we-look-back-on-how-india-fought-covid/first-lockdown-announced/slideshow/81662838.cms. 2021.
- COVID19INDIA. COVID19INDIA. https://www.covid19india.org. 2021.
- Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. India fights against corona. https://twitter.com/COVIDNewsByMIB/status/1374610640736686081?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1374610640736686081%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fd-17154237241283906970.ampproject.net%2F2103122145004%2Fframe.html. 2021.
- India Today. guidelines and restrictions. https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/information/story/lockdown-in-maharashtra-punjab-madhya-pradesh-gujarat-rajasthan-guidelines-and-restrictions-1783249-2021-03-24. 2021.
- India G of. MHAOrder_23032021. 2021 Mar.
- Times of India. Devastating 2nd wave, billion+ vaccinations: 12 charts show how India fought Covid in 2021. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/devastating-2nd-wave-billion-vaccinations-10-charts-show-how-india-fought-covid-in-2021/articleshow/88564472.cms. 2022.
- World Health Organization. Update on Omicron. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2021-update-on-omicron. 2021.
- Mandal S, Arinaminpathy N, Bhargava B, Panda S. Plausibility of a third wave of COVID-19 in India: A mathematical modelling based analysis. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2021 May 1;153(5):522–32.
- World Health Organization. Enhancing response to Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/enhancing-readiness-for-omicron-(b11529)-technical-brief-and-priority-actions-for-member-states. 2022 Jan 21;
- ICMR. COVID-19 Vaccine. https://vaccine.icmr.org.in/covid-19-vaccine. 2022.
- Ministry of health and family. About vaccine. https://www.mohfw.gov.in/covid_vaccination/vaccination/faqs.html#about-the-vaccine. 2022.
- Ministry of Health and Family Wellfare Government of India. Frequently Asked Questions COVID Vaccine. https://www.mohfw.gov.in/covid_vaccination/vaccination/faqs.html. 2022.
- India G. Guidelines for COVID-19 vaccination of children between 15-18 years and precaution dose to HCWs, FLWs & 60+ population with comorbidities. 2022 Jan.
- World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19#:~:text=symptoms. 2022.
- BMJ Best Practice. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/complications. 2021.
- Ministry of Health and family wellfare. COVID-19 Statewise Status. https://www.mohfw.gov.in/#. 2021.
- Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, Raverdy V, Noulette J, Duhamel A, et al. High Prevalence of Obesity in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. Obesity. 2020 Jul 1;28(7):1195–9.
- Alqahtani JS, Oyelade T, Aldhahir AM, Alghamdi SM, Almehmadi M, Alqahtani AS, et al. Prevalence, severity and mortality associated with COPD and smoking in patients with COVID-19: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2020 May 1;15(5).
- World Health Organization. Alcohol and COVID-19: what you need to know [Internet]. Europe; 2020 [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/437608/Alcohol-and-COVID-19-what-you-need-to-know.pdf
- World Health Organization, editor. GLOBAL ACTION PLAN ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 2018-2030 [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.who.int/ncds/prevention/physical-activity/global-action-plan-2018-2030/en/
- Liang D, Shi L, Zhao J, Liu P, Schwartz J, Gao S, et al. Urban air pollution may enhance COVID-19 case-fatality and mortality rates in the united states. medRxiv. 2020 May 7;
- Roncon L, Zuin M, Rigatelli G, Zuliani G. Diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection are at higher risk of ICU admission and poor short-term outcome. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2020 Jun 1;127.
- Wang B, Li R, Lu Z, Huang Y. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19: evidence from meta-analysis. AGING. 2020;12.
- Williamson E, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, et al. OpenSAFELY: Factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. medRxiv. medRxiv; 2020.
- Meng Y, Meng Y, Lu W, Lu W, Guo E, Guo E, et al. Cancer history is an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A propensity score-matched analysis. Journal of Hematology and Oncology. 2020 Jun 10;13(1).
- Jamshaid H, Zahid F, Din I ud, Zeb A, Choi HG, Khan GM, et al. Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for COVID-19. Vol. 21, AAPS PharmSciTech. Springer; 2020.
- Ali I, Alharbi OML. COVID-19: Disease, management, treatment, and social impact. Science of the Total Environment. 2020 Aug 1;728.
Downloads
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Sudhanshu Bansal, Sofia Thomas, Abhishek Gangwar, Amit Sharma
License terms
-
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.