The Effect of Heinsia crinita Aqueous Leaf extract on Codeine-induced Changes of Brain Antioxidant Parameters, TNF-α and Interleukin-6 in Male Wistar rats

Emmanuel Oguche; Musa SA; Agbon AN; Magaji MG; Danborno AM

doi:10.55006/biolsciences.2024.4302

Authors

Oguche EE Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied-health Sciences, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State; Neuroanatomy and Neurosciences Research Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria. Kaduna State, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3741-5547
Musa SA Neuroanatomy and Neurosciences Research Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria. Kaduna State, Nigeria
Agbon AN Neuroanatomy and Neurosciences Research Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria. Kaduna State, Nigeria
Magaji MG Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, ABU, Zaria
Danborno AM Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied-health Sciences, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55006/biolsciences.2024.4302

Keywords:

Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Brain, Oxidative stress

Abstract

Codeine is short-time acting narcotic opiate with widespread clinical use for over a century; as an analgesic for mild-to-moderate pain and in low doses, as an anti-tussive for suppression of nonproductive cough and diarrhoea. Although having diverse applications, codeine use requires caution due to its potential adverse effects and risk of dependence, associated to oxidative stress through various mechanisms and inflammatory responses. Heinsia crinita leaves are consumed either as vegetable in preparation of local cuisine or as component of alcoholic concoction for the treatment of diverse ailments including bacterial infections, diabetes, hypertension, and pharmacologically having neuroprotective benefits. This study assessed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of aqueous leaf extract of H. crinita (ALHC) on codeine-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. Twenty-five (25) adult male Wistar rats were obtained and divided into five groups (groups 1 – 5; n= 5). Group 1 (control) received distilled water (1 ml/ kg), group 2 received only codeine (10 mg/kg), groups 3, 4 and 5 received codeine (10 mg/kg) and afterwards ALHC (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ALHC were determined by biochemically assessing for oxidative stress bio-markers (MDA, SOD and CAT) and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) in brain homogenates of the rats. Results revealed increased (p<0.05) MDA and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) levels and reduced SOD and CAT activities in codeine-treated group. However, ALHC-treatment restored the system by decreased levels of MDA and IL-6, especially (p<0.05) in ALHC (300 mg/kg)-treated group; TNF-α decreased (p<0.05) in groups ALHC (200 and 300 mg/kg)-treated groups; SOD and CAT increased (p<0.05) in groups ALHC (200 and 300 mg/kg)-treated groups. In conclusion, findings are suggestive of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of ALHC following oxidative stress and inflammation induced by exposure to codeine in rats.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. UNODC. UNODC-SMART: Almost 900 NPS Reported to UNODC from 119 Countries and territories. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. February 2019.

2. Merz F. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: World Drug Report 2017. 2017. SIRIUS -Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen. 2018; 2(1): 85-86.

3. Ewah BN, Robb PJ, Raw M. Postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting following paediatric day‐case tonsillectomy. Anaesthesia. 2006 Feb; 61(2):116-22.

4. Pratiwi R, Noviana E, Fauziati R, Carrão DB, Gandhi FA, Majid MA, Saputri FA. A review of analytical methods for codeine determination. Molecules. 2021 Feb 4; 26(4):800.

5. Ademikanra A, Olayiwola A, Oyewole O. Introduction to Opioids: A Review. Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences. 2023 Jan 1; 2(1):01-6.

6. Van Hout M, Bergin M, Foley M, Rich E, Rapca AI, Harris R, Norman I. A scoping review of codeine use, misuse and dependence. CODEMISUSED Project. European Commission 7th Framework Programme, EU. Brussels. 2014.

7. Vora A, Nadkar MY. Codeine: a relook at the old antitussive. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 2015 Apr 1; 63(4):80-2.

8. Lam SH, Homme J, Avarello J, Heins A, Pauze D, Mace S, Dietrich A, Stoner M, Chumpitazi CE, Saidinejad M. Use of antitussive medications in acute cough in young children. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open. 2021 Jun; 2(3):e12467.

9. Kayode AA, Alonge AJ, Adewoye EO. Codeine induced hematological, hepatic alterations, lung and brain damage in mice. Advances in Toxicology and Toxic Effects. 2022 Jul 26; 6(1):001-7.

10. Mikhael V, Ghabi R, Belahmer A, Kadi R, Guirguis N, Gutzeit A, Froehlich JM, Ferreira E, Higgs T, Dufour MM, Theoret V. Intimate partner violence: Defining the pharmacist’s role. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada. 2023 Mar; 156(2):63-70.

11. Akhigbe RE, Dutta S, Hamed MA, Ajayi AF, Sengupta P, Ahmad G. Viral infections and male infertility: a comprehensive review of the role of oxidative stress. Frontiers in Reproductive Health. 2022 Feb 3;4:782915.

12. Ajayi AM, John KA, Emmanuel IB, Chidebe EO, Adedapo AD. High-fat diet-induced memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior in rats attenuated by peel extract of Ananas comosus fruit via atheroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Metabolism open. 2021 Mar 1; 9:100077.

13. El-Missiry MA, Othman AI, Alabdan MA. Melatonin for protection against ionizing radiation. INTECH Open Access Publisher; 2012 Mar 9.

14. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, Lennon L, Thomson A, Appleby P, Gallimore JR, Pepys MB. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses. Bmj. 2000 Jul 22; 321(7255):199-204.

15. Reichenberg A, Yirmiya R, Schuld A, Kraus T, Haack M, Morag A, Pollmächer T. Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Archives of general psychiatry. 2001 May 1; 58(5):445-52.

16. Sparkman NL, Buchanan JB, Heyen JR, Chen J, Beverly JL, Johnson RW. Interleukin-6 facilitates lipopolysaccharide-induced disruption in working memory and expression of other proinflammatory cytokines in hippocampal neuronal cell layers. Journal of Neuroscience. 2006 Oct 18; 26(42):10709-16.

17. Stucken C, Olszewski DC, Creevy WR, Murakami AM, Tornetta III P. Preoperative diagnosis of infection in patients with nonunions. JBJS. 2013 Aug 7; 95(15):1409-12.

18. Kousik SM, Napier TC, Carvey PM. The effects of psychostimulant drugs on blood brain barrier function and neuroinflammation. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2012 Jun 29; 3:121.

19. Etukudo, I. Ethnobotany: conventional and traditional uses of plants, Verdict Press, Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria; 2003:191

20. Ebong PE, Igile GO, Mgbeje BI, Iwara IA, Odongo AE, Onofiok UL, Oso EA. Hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of methanolic leaf extract of Heinsia crinita (Rubiaceae) in alloxan-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy. 2014; 4(1):37-43.

21. Enyi-Idoh, K. H., Ikpeme, E. M., Iwuh, G. C., Egeonu, S. U., Mandor, B. I., & Ofor, U. A. Antibacterial activity of gnetum africanum and heinsia crinita on diarrhoeagenic bacteria stool isolates from children in Calabar south Lga, cross river state, Nigeria. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology; 2013: 3(3), 28-36.

22. Oboh G, Nwanna EE, Oyeleye SI, Olasehinde TA, Ogunsuyi OB, Boligon AA. In vitro neuroprotective potentials of aqueous and methanol extracts from Heinsia crinita leaves. Food Science and Human Wellness. 2016 Jun 1; 5(2):95-102.

23. Abolaji AO, Olaiya CO, Oluwadahunsi OJ, Farombi EO. Dietary consumption of monosodium L‐glutamate induces adaptive response and reduction in the life span of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell biochemistry and function. 2017 Apr; 35(3):164-70.

24. Oboh G, Oladun FL, Ademosun AO, Ogunsuyi OB. Anticholinesterase activity and antioxidant properties of Heinsia crinita and Pterocarpus soyauxii in Drosophila melanogaster model. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2021 Apr 1; 12(2):254-60.

25. Pandey A, Tripathi S. Concept of standardization, extraction and pre phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. 2014; 2(5):115-9.

26. Ajayi AF, Akhigbe RE. Apoptotic inducement of neuronal cells by codeine: possible role of disrupted redox state and caspase 3 signaling. Heliyon. 2021 Jul 1; 7(7).

27. Karimi S, Karami M, Zardooz H, Salimi SH, Sahraei H. Biphasic effects of naloxone in the rats receiving morphine overdose a place preference study. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR. 2011; 10(3):605.

28. Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical biochemistry. 1976 May 7; 72(1-2):248-54.

29. Akhigbe R, Ajayi A. Testicular toxicity following chronic codeine administration is via oxidative DNA damage and up-regulation of NO/TNF-α and caspase 3 activities. PLoS One. 2020 Mar 13; 15(3):e0224052.

30. Hamed MA, Aremu AO, Akhigbe RE. Concomitant administration of HAART aggravates anti-Koch-induced oxidative hepatorenal damage via dysregulation of glutathione and elevation of uric acid production. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2021 May 1; 137:111309.

31. Sun YI, Oberley LW, Li Y. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clinical chemistry. 1988 Mar 1; 34(3):497-500.

32. Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. InMethods in enzymology 1984 Jan 1 (Vol. 105, pp. 121-126). Academic press.

33. Sedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent. Analytical biochemistry. 1968 Jan 1; 25:192-205.

34. Zang J, Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Gu C, Yi Y, Wang S, Xu S, Hu G, Du S, Yin Y, Wang Y. Yeast-produced RBD-based recombinant protein vaccines elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies and durable protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Discovery. 2021 Aug 18; 7(1):71.

35. Faulkner SH, Spilsbury KL, Harvey J, Jackson A, Huang J, Platt M, Tok A, Nimmo MA. The detection and measurement of interleukin-6 in venous and capillary blood samples, and in sweat collected at rest and during exercise. European journal of applied physiology. 2014 Jun; 114:1207-16.

36. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology. 2007 Jan 1; 39(1):44-84.

37. Archibong AE, Inyang F, Ramesh A, Greenwood M, Nayyar T, Kopsombut P, Hood DB, Nyanda AM. Alteration of pregnancy related hormones and fetal survival in F-344 rats exposed by inhalation to benzo (a) pyrene. Reproductive Toxicology. 2002 Nov 1;16(6):801-8.

38. Atici S, Cinel L, Cinel I, Doruk N, Aktekin M, Akca A, Camdeviren H, Oral U. Opioid neurotoxicity: comparison of morphine and tramadol in an experimental rat model. International journal of neuroscience. 2004 Jan 1; 114(8):1001-11.

39. Faria J, Barbosa J, Leal S, Afonso LP, Lobo J, Moreira R, Queirós O, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Effective analgesic doses of tramadol or tapentadol induce brain, lung and heart toxicity in Wistar rats. Toxicology. 2017 Jun 15; 385:38-47.

40. Morales I, Farías GA, Cortes N, Maccioni RB. Neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Update on dementia. 2016 Sep 28; 13.

41. Gresa-Arribas N, Viéitez C, Dentesano G, Serratosa J, Saura J, Solà C. Modelling neuroinflammation in vitro: a tool to test the potential neuroprotective effect of anti-inflammatory agents. (2012): e45227.

42. Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Natteru PA, Selvakumar GP, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Neuroinflammation induces neurodegeneration. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery and spine. 2016; 1(1).