Biosorption as Technique for Remediation of Heavy Metals from Wastewater using Microbial Biosorbent

Abstract

Biosorption, a sustainable technology, utilizes living or non-living organism and their derivative as sorbents for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. This review explores the mechanisms and applications of biosorption in addressing environmental challenges posed by heavy metal contaminants. Pretreatment methods enhance biosorbent performance by modifying cell wall structures through physical and chemical alterations, increasing metal binding capacity. Immobilization techniques like cell entrapment and cross-linking improve biosorbent stability and reusability in continuous systems, offering controlled particle size and ease of biomass separation. Differential Scanning Calorimetry assesses biosorbent thermal stability, providing insights into performance under varying conditions. Non-living microorganisms present advantages for biosorption, including resilience to toxic wastes and extended storage capabilities. Economic considerations are crucial when evaluating biosorbent modifications for enhanced performance. The review shows that biosorption using microbial biosorbents is a versatile and efficient method for heavy metal removal from wastewater, with applications in environmental remediation and sustainable water treatment practices. Future research should focus on novel biosorption strategies and optimization of existing techniques to effectively combat heavy metal pollution.

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