Nose-to-Brain drug delivery via nanocarriers for the management of neurodegenerative disorders: recent advances and future
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and meningitis are caused by a decline in neuronal synaptic function, which leads to neuronal cell death. Oral administration of drugs for neurodegenerative disorders results in low oral bioavailability due to its systemic absorption. The blood-brain barrier allows the passage of only lipophilic drugs having a size less than 200 nm. Various drugs get metabolized before reaching the BBB resulting in the low drug concentration in the brain. Nose-to-brain delivery is a simple and direct way of brain targeting as it bypasses BBB and hepatic-first pass metabolism. The mechanism of action of nanocarrier delivery in the brain is via olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Several studies reported the effective use of nanocarriers for neurodegenerative disorders. The nanocarriers can be either lipid-based or polymer-based. The drawbacks associated with the conventional oral treatment of neurodegenerative disorders can be overcome by direct nose-to-brain delivery. In the present review, we have discussed several physiological barriers, including the BBB on drug therapy. Further, we have discussed novel brain targeting strategies via a nasal route that provides better therapeutic effects.
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