Kaempferia galanga: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant in Traditional and Modern Contexts

Abstract

Kaempferia galanga L., commonly referred to as aromatic ginger or sand ginger, is a rhizomatous herb that is a member of the Zingiberaceae family and has been highly regarded in traditional medicine throughout Asia. Historically, it has been utilised to alleviate various ailments, including headaches, colds, asthma, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal issues. Recent phytochemical research has uncovered that Kaempferia galanga is rich in bioactive compounds such as ethyl cinnamate, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, kaempferol, and cineole, which play a significant role in its diverse pharmacological effects. Contemporary pharmacological research has confirmed its properties as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, analgesic, and neuroprotective agent, validating many of its ethnomedicinal applications. Moreover, emerging research suggests its potential in cosmeceutical and nutraceutical formulations. This review highlights the ethnobotanical significance, phytochemical diversity, and therapeutic potential of Kaempferia galanga, emphasising the need for further research to elucidate its mechanisms of action, safety profile, and clinical efficacy for modern drug development.